![]() In the summer of 2014, an increase in the number of unaccompanied children migrating to the United States unleashed a media backlash against immigration from Central America and Mexico, despite illegal immigration to the country being at a historically low level. This paper argues that as the USA extends its border policing activities through time and space, it conceals its direct role in migration policing activities that violate human rights and fuel illicit activities, distracts from policy failures, and evades international obligations. A third component entails the significant stretching of US military presence throughout Latin America and the Caribbean through a variety of means. Another component is a vast international expansion of Department of Homeland Security networks aimed at detecting and intercepting the illicit mobility of people and things. ![]() One component is the development of security 'partnerships' with transit countries, through which the USA provides funding, equipment, and training for migrant interdiction. This article identifies several components critical to this transnational policing. In the last 30 years, the USA has constructed a complex architecture throughout Latin America aimed at stopping migrants in transit before they reach US borders. Dividing the isthmus: Central American transnational histories, literatures and cultures. Put another way, a careful, if concise, read of history in the region teaches us that often it is foreign invasion and intervention imposed under the guises of development, security, and prosperity that create the very crises they claim to be solving. Regeneration from the North comes to Central America in the form of imperialism, (neo)colonialism and now neoliberalism” (2009: 200). Theoretically, this chapter shares Ana Patricia Rodríguez’s view that “the same devastating effects produced in the South by the North come to represent Central America as a natural(ized) site of decomposition and underdevelopment, which requires regeneration by outside forces. The combination of up-to-date information from activists, lawyers, and journalists on the ground with a historical overview of Central America aims to provide readers with a nuanced examination of issues often brushed over in mainstream media and buried in difficult to access academic literature on the region. Within this historical overview of events, I integrate a series of journalistic interviews carried out in Guatemala in the spring of 2016. Such an approach avoids falling into a shallow and self- serving reading of the current crisis that would suggest that the reasons for mass out-migration are based on local mismanagement of politics and the economy or on rumors and misinformation. A historical panorama helps establish a baseline of understanding that allows us to better interpret present- day events in the region. 150).This chapter takes a long view of the overlapping crises of economic and coercive violence in Central America, which have been activated through colonization, nation-state formation, and the wars of the twentieth century. She criticises that, “Human factors may be bolted onto existing methods of systems design, local and contingent knowledge of work and information handling processes held by users in an amorphous sense may now even be incorporated into the systems design process, but this does not create an awareness of the way in which skills and knowledge are defined in gender-divided terms” (p. For instance, Webster’s research (1996) employing feminist approaches to study computer system designs addresses the issue of a male-dominated system design field, which continuously excludes female users’ needs, requirements, interests and values in the innovation process. “Gender, race and class also crosscut each other in various complex ways, sometimes reinforcing and at other times weakening the impact of existing inequalities” (Cohen & Kennedy, 2000, p. Each of these in turn generates its own structure of unequal practices giving rise to institutionalised sexism, racism or class divisions/conflict. In software design, structured inequalities operate along the main axes of gender, race/ethnicity and class. AbstractAs some scholars claim, the digital divide, referring to the perceived gap between those who have access to the latest information technologies and those who do not, entails that not having access to this information is an economic and social handicap (Compaine, 2001). ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |